At the Kharel Lab, we seek to understand how structured RNAs and small non-coding RNAs shape cellular adaptation, gene regulation, and disease. Our research focuses on G-quadruplex structures (G4s) and tRNA-derived small RNAs (tDRs), two emerging classes of regulatory RNA elements with far-reaching impacts on normal physiology and pathophysiology. By integrating biochemical, molecular, biophysical, genomic, cellular, and computational approaches, we uncover the molecular mechanisms through which these unique RNA elements govern biological processes in health and disease. Through these studies, we aim to advance fundamental RNA biology and accelerate the discovery of innovative RNA-based therapeutic strategies.